A microneedle patch that delivers immune-regulating molecules may teach T cells not to attack hair follicles, helping regrow hair in alopecia areata, according to research in mice from MIT, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School.
The team developed a microneedle patch that can be painlessly applied to the scalp and releases drugs that help to rebalance the immune response at the site, halting the autoimmune attack.
In a study of mice, the researchers found that this treatment allowed hair to regrow and reduced inflammation at the treatment site while avoiding systemic immune effects elsewhere in the body. This strategy could also be adapted to treat other autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, the researchers note.
“This innovative approach marks a paradigm shift. Rather than suppressing the immune system, we’re now focusing on regulating it precisely at the site of antigen encounter to generate immune tolerance,” says Natalie Artzi, PhD, a Principal Research Scientist in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and an associate faculty member at the Wyss Institute of Harvard University in Boston, in a news release. “This approach silences the entire immune system, offering relief from inflammation symptoms but leading to frequent recurrences. Moreover, it increases susceptibility to infections, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.”
The study is published in Advanced Materials.
The microneedle patches used in this study are made from hyaluronic acid crosslinked with polyethylene glycol (PEG), both of which are biocompatible and commonly used in medical applications. With this delivery method, drugs can pass through the tough outer layer of the epidermis, which can’t be penetrated by creams applied to the skin.
“This polymer formulation allows us to create highly durable needles capable of effectively penetrating the skin. Additionally, it gives us the flexibility to incorporate any desired drug,” Artzi says.
For this study, the researchers loaded the patches with a combination of the cytokines IL-2 and CCL-22. Together, these immune molecules help to recruit regulatory T cells, which proliferate and help to tamp down inflammation. These cells also help the immune system learn to recognize that hair follicles are not foreign antigens so that they will stop attacking them.
Mice treated with this patch every other day for three weeks had many more regulatory T cells present at the site, along with a reduction in inflammation. Hair was able to regrow at those sites, and this growth was maintained for several weeks after the treatment ended. In these mice, there were no changes in the levels of regulatory T cells in the spleen or lymph nodes, suggesting that the treatment affected only the site where the patch was applied.
In another set of experiments, the researchers grafted human skin onto mice with a humanized immune system. In these mice, the microneedle treatment also induced the proliferation of regulatory T cells and a reduction in inflammation.
The researchers designed the microneedle patches so that after releasing the drug, they could also collect samples that could be used to monitor the progress of the treatment. Hyaluronic acid causes the needles to swell about tenfold after entering the skin, which allows them to absorb interstitial fluid containing biomolecules and immune cells from the skin.
Following patch removal, researchers can analyze samples to measure levels of regulatory T cells and inflammation markers. This could prove valuable for monitoring future patients who may undergo this treatment.
The researchers now plan to further develop this approach for treating alopecia and to expand into other autoimmune skin diseases. They are working on launching a company to further develop the technology.
IMAGE CAPTION: Researchers developed a potential new treatment for alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss. The new microneedle patch delivers immune-regulating molecules that can teach T cells not to attack hair follicles, helping hair regrow. Pictured is an up-close view of the microneedles.
IMAGE CREDIT: MIT
